Biography of the St. Francis Xavier Free Essay Example, 1500 words

They can sail for Palestine, Ignatius decided that the instance should be used up partly in hospital labor at Venice and then afterward in the expedition to Rome. Francis dedicated himself for nine weeks to the hospice for the incurables and afterward set out with eight friends for Rome, where then Pope Paul III authorized their endeavor. Heading back to Venice, St. Francis was feted priest on a Midsummer Day 1537; but the eruption of conflict between Venice and Turkey put a stop to the Palestine mission, and the company broke apart for a year for some home duty labor in the Italian towns. Francis and Nicolas Bobadilla went by themselves initially to Monselice and then from there, they headed to Bologna, where they stayed until recalled to Rome by Ignatius just at the close of 1538. Francis was among the supreme missionaries as he descended from a noble kin- Basque family- and his mentor St Ignatius Loyola. They did meet in Paris, at a point in time in which Xavier was a motivated a nd proud chap. nevertheless, for close to three years, Ignatius was enduring with him and did encourage him to consider his days in a different way. We will write a custom essay sample on Biography of the St. Francis Xavier or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page For almost a decade since his entrance into India, he went around India-, for example, sections of south India as well as West Indies, and afterward went to Japan. He was filled with ambition that he even went to the point of attempting to get authorization to go into China as a missionary. Ignatius kept St. Francis at Rome till 1541 as secretary to the Society of Jesus. Meanwhile king of Portugal, Jo o III, had decided on distributing a mission to his many Indian dominions, and furthermore had applied through his emissary Pedro Mascarenhas to the then pope for a team of six Jesuits.

Essay Current Market Conditions - 958 Words

Current Market Conditions Team B Gladys Arroyo, Antoinetthe, Sonja Cynel, Adriana Cedant and Sandra Florez ECO/365 Principles of Microeconomics University of Phoenix 4/26/2008 Market Structure of the Carbonated Drinks Industry The carbonated drink industry is a very extensive worldwide and has also encouraged an increase in similar industries such as the packaging field that handles the production of cans, glass, and plastic bottles for example, and at the same time is generating significant revenue for additional service industries like advertising. The carbonated drink industry consists of the raw material retailers and providers. Most of the time, the larger beverage firms have leading positions in the†¦show more content†¦When launching into this industry the new product needs to be admired by consumers, retailers and wholesalers. The advertising campaign must be able to convince merchants and retailers to stock the new brand. With the existence of Coca Cola, Pepsi and Cadbury Schweppes the new brand will have to compete for shelf space. These top competitors have already established a strong image in the customer’s mind. Merchants or retailers will acquire many risks in dedicat ing shelf space to the new brand. Therefore, the new brand or product must be able to provide compensation for space. Price elasticity of demand Elasticity plays an important part when carbonated soft drink when companies are trying to determine how to price its product, and order attributes. These companies will need to understand how quantity responds to a change in price in order to achieve their revenue and margin goals. This research can be collected from customers, products, and competition. With more decisions that consumers can pick from, pricing will have a larger effect on the quantity demanded by the consumer. A large array of satisfactory substitutes that consumers can choose from such as Coca Cola, Pepsi, Ritz and Publix brand cola. Moreover, this makes the carbonated soft drink a high demand elastic commodity. If there would only be once choice that consumers could buy from (for example, Pepsi) then this would be considered inelastic as ourShow MoreRelatedCurrent Market Condition2171 Words   |  9 PagesCurrent Market Conditions Competitive The purpose of this analysis is for the strategic planning group to consider developing a new proposed product. Our sponsor, the marketing director, has asked our strategic planning team to perform a competitive market analysis to determine the product’s potential success. The analysis will focus on our primary competitor in the product’s market. 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Odyssey and Odysseus Dead Crew Free Essays

Glory! In Homer’s 8th century BC epic poem The Odyssey and Sophocles’ 3rd century play Antigone, the leaders Odysseus and Creon display both similar and different leadership qualities. Odysseus is a leader of a crew he’s taking back home from a journey, but has many unexpected encounters on the way back. Creon is the heir to Oedpius’ thrown, and is King of Thebes. We will write a custom essay sample on Odyssey and Odysseus Dead Crew or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both are important, however Creon proves to be the better King, seeing as Odysseus’ crew dies. The qualities of both leaders are what in turn lead to their results. Odysseus must lead his men back to Ithaca. Along the way they stop at an island where all his men are enchanted by fruits. He must do all he can to get them to return to the ship. In another encounter Odysseus’ dead crew member’s soul comes back and talks to Odysseus. He asks him to give his body a proper burial. Odysseus does this proving that he is not only loyal to his crew, but to his word as well. Odysseus however learns of a prophecy, one, which tells that if, his men eat the cattle on the island of Helios they will die. He cannot prevent his men from eating these cattle and they all suffer for their actions. They all die, and Odysseus fails as a leader. Creon’s takes an interesting approach to his leadership. He is stubborn and compassionate, hot and cold. Creon vows to do everything for the people, and anybody who breaks the law breaks his heart. Creon also makes numerous threats to the criminal who would dare to burry the betraying brother. But when he discovers that his own niece Antigone, his own flesh and blood, is the one defiling the law, he cannot stand it. His whole world starts to deteriorate and he cannot stop it before its too late. How to cite Odyssey and Odysseus Dead Crew, Papers

Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Short-Cuts in an Organisational Setting free essay sample

Topic 4 – Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using short-cuts in an organisational setting The shortcuts in organisations are used for valuating the characteristics of co-workers. In organisations, the managers are always assessing their employees, also the make judge about their employees performance and efficiency at work. The perception of individuals may derive from the time environment, mentality, purposes, and history of the perceiver. The great significance in perception takes place the appearance, personality and their attitude. The most important perception in the processing of an organisation is the managements perception on employees. The managers take control and make significant decisions, and also control the organizations behavior. Thus, managers are required to make the best possible decisions to profit their organization in order to make the best decisions. Every decision a manager makes have to have a positive or negative effects organization behavior. If a manager makes negative decisions the employees will not be satisfied. Unsatisfied employees may lead to ineffective feedback for the company. Managers must acknowledge that each individual has their own biases; also the managers need to know and understand how the perception explains, predicts and influences behavior. The other important factor the managers may consider that people sometimes create their own perception. There are the positive and negative effects of using perceptive shortcuts in judging others. Milbourne, (2001) The perceptive shortcuts may affect the quality of a person’s decision making and performance. According to Robbins, (2008) the most frequently used shortcuts are based on: the First the frequently used shortcut in judgment is selective perception, where interpretation based on ones expectation. The second shortcut is Halo effect, where a manager hires only attractive people claiming attractive people work more productively. The third is contrast effect, where a leader of team fires an employees because compared to everyone else he is the only employees that dresses differently. The fourth is projection, where a management provides all their employees a suspension in pay because one employee is caught embezzling business revenue. The final frequently used shortcut in judgment is stereotyping, where the manager does not hire a woman as a constructor because it is popularly believed that the women co not do hard labor work. These five frequently used shortcuts may negatively and positively affect the judgment of people. Milbourne, (2001) Thus, if the person comes to contact with another person one may perceive that person makes a quick judgment about this person. Quick judgments are also based on the individual’s appearance, age, sex, and nationality. Basically, the shortcuts in judging others are not based on factual information of the person who is being judged. The majority of the information the person quickly interprets of another person that may lead to improper conclusion. The perception shortcuts can affect the quality of individual decision making and achievement. What is why the effective manager has to predict and recognize a distortion of information in proper time. () However, a strong organizational culture should be the one where the majority of co-workers have same basic beliefs and values that applies to the organization. The people in this group may follow the perceived rules and ethical procedures that are basic to the organization, even if those values are not stated by the organization. The same goals in the majority of people may lead to be extremely valuable for building a team where all the participants are working as a team that may lead to improvement and efficiency in organisation. Further, the manger has to asses their employee’s performance. So, these days specific application of shortcuts in judgment others plays significant role in organisations. All five frequently used shortcuts mentioned above may occur in organisation, when the manager assesses the productivity and effectiveness of the existed employees or their applicants. The main applications of shortcut in organisations are: the first is employment interview, the second is performance expectation, the third is ethic profiling and the final is the performance evaluation. Robbins, 2008) The first application of shortcuts in organisation is the employment interview plays a most significant role in organisation. Human resources managers see for the efficient, productive and not very expensive people. At employment interview the interviewer make perceptual judgment that is not often equals their expectation. However, if the manager has high skills and express knowledge of individual characteristic s allows to the manager to interview quickly that is beneficial for some organisations. For instance, Human Recourse organisations (HR), where the interviewer need to interview a lot of people a day. Another advantageous factor for the organisation is if the interviewer would group the people with similar characteristics that can help the interviewer to extract the needful specialized applicant’s quickly. Such process may create simultaneous atmosphere in organisation where the employees have a similar behavior and skills in organisation. In contrast, the negative effects may occur when the interviewer have limited information of applicant and can hire a person not suited for a particular position. For example, the negative affect on judgment may occur when the applicant is overweight person because in the people’s minds the fat person is less productive, so the Human Recourses manager would reject such application. In deed, they probably lost a very proficient manager who is welcome in powerful companies. Moreover, the negative effect may be seen when grouping people have the same characteristic may also lead to distort perception of the applicant. The manager strives to judge candidates accurately. Nevertheless the researchers insist that this task may not be as simple as it seems, for this reason the manager any way takes risk. Interviews have often been criticized because they fail to select suitable people for the job vacancies. Finally, when interviewer percepts that the applicant as similar as them they may expect in future the different responds. (Milbourne, 2001) The second application of shortcuts in organisation is the performance; where there is perceptions are at workplace. More detailed, when the manager can assess how effective people will work. This kind of process called self-fulfilling prophecy, where someone’s expectations tend employees to behave in manner that is expected from them. The positive form of self-fulfilling prophecy is when manager hold a high expectation of employees tends to improve their performance. This calls as the Pygmalion effect, where the people are encouraged to reach the high potential of success. The managers who believed in high potential their workers actual lead to the positive results at the and. However, the negative form of self-fulfilling prophecy when is the team leader have low expectation of success their co-workers that lead to poor performance. That process is called Golem effect. For instant, the manager expects the poor performance of employees, whereby the workers perform poorly and they would not work effectively due to poor expectation of their manger. Nevertheless, in female was found that the low performance may lead to the opposite effect, where the girls who are expected to perform poorly can be kept from doing so by being led to believe that success is possible. Consequently, in this application of shortcuts the managers have to encourage the Pygmalion effect and discourage the Golem effect. Rowe O’Brien (2002). The third application of shortcuts in organisation may occur in ethnic profiling. Ethnic profiling occurs when the applicant is assed on the basis of his or her race and ethnicity. In this case, the manager uses the stereotyping perception to profile for instance Arab-looking man. After terrorist attacks in New York the majority op people believe that if the applicant is Arab-looking man that means that he probably belongs to terrorist group. Ethnic profiling is contrary to the value our society places on diversity and freedom from discrimination based on racial, ethnic, religious, age. In this case, the ethnic profiling may have the negative effect in judgment the applicant at job interview because the manager may come to wrong conclusions. Not all people of a similar race act the same no matter what the race is. Another negative factor occurs when co-workers do not understand why the Arab people dress differently and for that reason there is the suspicious atmosphere among the team members. This atmosphere in organisation may lead to distrust and conflicts and also reduce the job satisfaction for ethnical minorities. Robbins (2008) Thus, ethnic profiling leads to discrimination and humiliation of ethnical minorities. However, these days the organisations establish the policies and rights of individuals that could work against the discrimination at work. Organisations arrange the various diversity training programs, where employees may learn how to behave in multinational group. Consequently, the organisation strives to exclude the profiling among the team members and employ more sensitive employees who respect the multinational climate at work. The final application of shortcuts in organisation is performance evaluation. It is a process of job analysis when the manager assesses the employee’s work over a period of time. The history data of difficulties and distastes provides opportunities to understand that jobs staff have to do and the working conditions under which they have to do them. Without such an understanding the manager is less able to assess the valid performance of staff, including recognition of the absentee and lazy employees. Unfortunately not all performance assessment processes may create a negative experience for both the employee and the manager. Nevertheless, these days the organisations have very good knowledge how accurately to value the employee’s job performance. So, the advantages of doing performance evaluation in organisation are that the manger may record the performance over the time and discuss performance with an employee. Moreover, when the manger provide the employee with feedback about their performance and how they completed their goals that lead to encouragement to do better performance and have a clear picture of expectations of their manager. Also, the performance appraisal offers an opportunity to think about the upcoming year and develop employee goals. Finally, it can be motivational with the support of a good reward and compensation system. However, the disadvantages of performance appraisal may occur the valuation has not done appropriately that can lead to negative experience. If a manager does not keep notes and not records of employee performance they may not be successful in perspective. The employees may do not change their performance and do not strive to achieve better fulfillment. Further more, the time consuming can also bring the negative effect on job appraisal, especially for a manger with many workers, when he can not observe everything in same time due to business and may come to wrong conclusion. Another negative affect occurs in situation when the manager discourages staff. The process needs to have the potential among the team members, for instance the organisation may provide a positive reinforcement and also provide the premium on year’s worth of accomplishments. So, the organizations that do not have strong performance management systems can have a negative effect on both employees and managers. Consequently, the evaluation performance provides the organisation to create a strategic plan that can lead to the achievement of business goals. () To sum up above said, it is extremely important for organisations to understand perception, how ones perception of other people has influence on organizational behavior. Moreover the organisation has to distinguish the positive and negative effects of using perceptive shortcuts when judging employees. For the reason that the negative effect causes to inaccurate conclusions without seeing the bigger picture by focusing on particular interests and bias and also can affect the level of fulfillment of obligations and cooperation of employees. Consequently, the effective manager has to make the best possible decisions, consider all negative factors of the shortcuts in order to provide a favorable atmosphere at the work place that lead to the better achievement of their business goals.

20 Critical Essay Topics on Environment Health and Development

20 Critical Essay Topics on Environment Health and Development Before delving into today’s topic, it’s best we understand what the environment means and why its health is so important to human development and the earth’s entire ecosystem. The environment is everything- both indoors and outdoor- around us. It is made up of the air we breathe, the food we consume, the parks we visit, your workspace as well as your relaxation spots. Therefore, land, the atmospheres and the world’s rivers and oceans are how make up the environment. Since we reside in the earth’s environment, it is important to note everything that affects us both negatively and positively in order to reduce the negatives while maximizing the positives which make the topic on environmental health quite important to the human race. Therefore, this article will focus on helping everyone interested in writing critically on environmental health and development with the needed assistance to write in an effective manner that will pass your message across in a succinct manner to your intended audience. In order to help you do this, below are 20 essay topics on environment, its health and how it affects human development for you to choose from when working on your critical project. Rounding up the provided topics will be a sample essay draft exploring one of the provided topics in such a way that it provides you with clear guidelines on how to kick-start your chosen essay: The importance of Environmental Health to Human Development Discussing the Effects of Culture and Civilization to Environmental Health How Can the Environment Affect Women’s Health? The Impact of the Earth’s Environment to Child-mortality Rate The Impact of Environmental Health on the Economy of Developing Countries The Importance of Safeguarding Environmental Health Is Global Warming Harmful to Environmental and Human Health? The Effects of Indoor Air Pollution to Environmental Health the Impact of a Working Environment to our Personal Health The Ozone Layers Role in Protecting the Earth’s Ecosystem Water Contamination and its Hazards to Plant and Animal Life The Impact of Air Pollution to Economic Growth Environmental Pollution and the Global Burden of Disease Global Environmental Health and Building Sustainable Cities The Importance of Environmental Health in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals The Harmful Effects of Lead Exposure to Environmental Health The Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Third World Countries Driving Government Policies Through Environmental Health Research The Impact of Mercury Exposure to the World’s Oceans Global Waste Disposal and its Effects on Environmental Health As promised, above are the 20 timely essay topics on environment and the need to preserve the earth’s ecosystems developed for writing critical essays on this subject manner. The above topics cover a wide range of factors that are both natural and manmade combined with their effects on the environment. As it happens, we provide you with 10 facts on environmental health and development as well as in-depth for a critical essay. Lastly, a critical essay discussing one of the provided essay topics on environment will be provided as a guideline below. Sample Critical Essay: The Impact of the Earth’s Environmental Health on Child Mortality Rate The task of studying environmental health, human’s negative impact on it and how it can be curbed or reduced to its bare minimums is important to human development. And this importance is better understood when we consider the havoc diseases due to pollution wreck on the world’s most vulnerable citizens- our children. This essay will attempt to explore the impact of environmental health to child-mortality rate on a global scale as well as discuss ways to improve the environment we currently reside in. Environmental health is influenced by diverse factors such as the quality of air around us, the health of the world’s waterways and the manufacturing as well as human day-to-day activities. Sad to say, the factors affecting the environment in the 21st century are mostly negative for poor mining and manufacturing practices as well as the use of unhealthy facilities, machines and waste disposal techniques have taken their toll on every aspect of the earth’s environment. Now, recent studies from the World Health Organization (WHO) on environmental health paints a bleak picture for the survival of children born in underdeveloped, developing and developed nations worldwide due to the real possibility of kids being harmed by overexposure to the earth’s environment. As expected, the situation is bleaker in 3rd world and developing countries as children born into these vicinities are exposed to elements dangerous to their positive development. In 2014, the WHO reported that approximately 6.6million children under the ages of five die every year from a combination of factors such as poor health care, congenital diseases and yes, environmental factors. The study went further to state that a third of these deaths are due to the state of the environment health and could have been prevented if exposure to hazardous environmental elements were eliminated which indirectly points their death to human practices. This statistic raises the question of if humans truly contribute to a third of the current child-mortality rate due to their practices and the following paragraphs will attempt to answer this question. Asthma has been given the notorious tag as the number cause of death in children under the age of 5 and this respiratory condition is in most cases caused by the quality of air a child breathes in. And the air our children take in has been contaminated by emissions from automobiles, pesticide, lead and other harmful elements human everyday activity produces. Landfills have also been attributed to producing its own fair share of pollutants thereby adding waste disposal to the list of things harming the environment. In conclusion, the solution to drastically reducing the child-mortality rate lies in our ability to be more accountable on how we work and leave our lives both indoors and outdoors. Going green in manufacturing factories, the integration of recycling policies and participation of the world’s government in ensuring sustainable environments will be important in solving the current child mortality rate the world witnesses. Here we come to the end of these guidelines on drafting an essay topic on environment. So do not hesitate to select a topic from the above and use the sample essay as a tutorial for writing yours. References: The 1999 International Environmental Monitor Survey, Environics International, Ltd . (2000). The Coming Green Wave: Global Public Opinion on the Environment. environics.net/eil/ WHO Press Release. (2000). who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-46.html Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. (2007). Annual Report of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry for 2006/07. dwaf.gov.za/Documents/ AnnualReports/2007.asp Gordon, M Simon, L. (2000). Environmental Change and Human Health. https://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Risk-livelihoods/environmental_change_human_health_africa.pdf Cortinas de Nava, C. (1996). Worldwide overview of hazardous wastes. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 12(2):127-138. Murray, F. (1998). Regional Air Pollution in Developing Countries: Background Document for Policy Dialogue Bangkok. Satterhwaite, D. (1999). The Links between Poverty and the Environment in Urban Areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Closing Year Of The Civil War essays

Closing Year Of The Civil War essays The American Civil War was one of the largest in world history. The number of American lives lost in this war had never been heard of, nor has it been. The fighting that took place tore our nation apart and we still feel the effects 135 years later. This war is so widely written about, that it is nearly impossible to write about everything that happened. That is why I will be writing about the closing days of the Civil War. This is an interesting time, because it is all winding down and you see exactly how it ends. The end of the American Civil War was probably one of the most interesting times. The final year in the war started towards the middle of 1864. On March 9, 1864 Abraham Lincoln promoted Ulysses S. Grant to lieutenant general. This left him in charge of the entire Northern army. This is a key point, because Grant was a good general and was able to do a lot with all the men he possessed. This was one of the major transitions into the end. After he was appointed there was a brief period of time where not much happened. On May 5, 1864, the intense fighting started right back up at the Battle of the Wilderness. Although this battle only lasted until May 6 it was meaningful. It started the fighting again and showed that the two sides had not yet given in. The battle was continuing steadily for the next month and a half. Three battles occurred in this time frame. A very important event occurred on November 8, 1864. Abraham Lincoln was reelected to the presidency. This was very important because he was so influential as a president it scared the South. He possessed great leadership qualities and was determined to handle the situation. The end of the war was a little over a year away, but you could almost sense how it was getting ready to end. The first major event of 1865 was definitely on February 6, 1865, when Robert E. Lee was appointed general in chief of the South. It was important because it co ...

Was the British Empire a force for good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Was the British Empire a force for good - Essay Example A number of industries were also built in these countries which provided the needed stimuli for the economic growth and advancement. (Rodden, 2007). However, the British empire rule inflicted much more pain to their subject than the good they brought with them as the Indians were subjected to inhuman treatment and abuses by the British. It is therefore imperative to say that the British empire an empire for the good of the colonies they controlled but a way for them to amass wealth at the expense of the locals (Hyam, 2010). This essay will seek to provide the evidence to demonstrate the extent to which the British empire rule was for no good, while using counter arguments to rebuff the different sides of the arguments. Though a number of citizens died from the atrocities committed by the British empire especially in India, their rule can be attributed to the introduction of a the rule of law in the country. Though sounding ironical, the empire pioneered the formation of the judicial system to enable the Indian offenders to be punished for their mistakes. This established the foundation for the country’s legal system in the face of the atrocities committed. The British form of rule in their colonies was heavily characterised by torture, ritual slaughter, hangings, rape and slavery to make it worse draining of natural resources. This affected millions of people by way of interfering with their cultures, dignity, livelihoods, religion and languages. All this disregard of rule of law and respect to other people’s way of living unfortunately was spread all over the British Empire (Cohn, 1996). This was largely exercised in those nations where they encountered rejection due to conflicting interest. The process of tapping on the natural in the country was characterised by the introduction of a number of industries in the country that

Applying theories to the novel The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Essay

Applying theories to the novel The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down - Essay Example The author dexterously manoeuvres the plot of the book so that the readers can identify with the more complex socio-psychological paradigms of the multicultural societies and the challenges that the medical fraternity has to meet to overcome the prejudices of the Hmong family. The book is fascinating in its treatment of the seemingly mundane but highly relevant issues of the different cultures and the modern society that heavily relies on science. The story of Lia Lee, a small girl who is diagnosed with epilepsy by the medical fraternity in Merced, California but which is differently interpreted by the Hmong family as ‘qaug dab peg’. The intense conflict in the treatment of the little girl and the frustrations of both the girl’s family and the healthcare system is brilliantly captured by the author. The book throws great insight into the differing views and perspectives of the cultures that clash with the value system of the healthcare practitioners. The institutional indifference to the cross cultural values and the trials and tribulations of the immigrant family that finds itself strangely vulnerable in the alien surrounding is the highlight of the narration. The socio-psychological imperatives found in the book are of great relevance to the contemporary environment of globalization. The behavioral and cognitive theory can explain the ongoing struggle of the Hmong family that tries to work along with healthcare system towards the common goal of saving their daughter’s life. Cognitive science is basically an amalgamation of philosophical thoughts and scientific theories that try to rationalize the working of conscious and unconscious thoughts of a man and co-relate them with his subsequent actions and reactions. The theory of cognition, thereby, tries to explain why and how the events take place and subsequent pattern of behavior of man under certain condition involving emotional

Law and journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law and journalism - Essay Example These are through seeking and obtaining the full permission of the creator, referred to as the rights holder, and strictly adhering to the conditions under which permission is granted. The second and most widely used instance is fair use. The extent to which copyrighted material can be used is dependent on the various elements of fair use. Fair use however must be attributed to the original creator of the original material. Fair use is determined on four main grounds. First, fair use is determined by the purpose and manner of use of a copyrighted material. The reason that applies here is use non-profit or educational purposes. It is legally acceptable to use copyrighted for the reason of advancing knowledge or and advancement of the art by adding substantive new information in a way that completely distinguishes it from the original state and should generally be for the enrichment of the general public. There should be a sense of transformation to the new material and not merely a matter of derivation(Rolph, 45). Secondly, fair use applies when the item used is that which is in public domain, ideas among others. It should therefore be noted that copyright only protects the form, manner and style with which an idea is expressed and not the actual idea.Fair use is also justifiable on basis of the amount and substantiality. This basically encompasses the quantity and percentage of the copyrighted material has been adopted into the new work. A court of law would however determine the substance of the information needed to constitute infringement of copyright. Finally, fair use is determined on basis of the implications of the price of the original material in light development of the new one. As such, use of copyrighted material should be approached with care not to adversely affect the market situation of the original one, specifically the price. Most jurisdictions in the world generally treat copyright infringement as a civil crime, where all the aforementioned

The Link Between Inflation And Unemployment Economics Essay

The Link Between Inflation And Unemployment Economics Essay The two main goals of economic policymakers are low inflation and low unemployment, however often these goals conflict. For instance, if the policymakers decided to use monetary or fiscal policy to expand aggregate demand then this would move the economy along the short-run aggregate supply curve to a point of higher output and a higher price level. The higher output mean lower unemployment as firms would need more workers when they produce more. On the other hand a higher price level, given the previous years price level, means higher inflation. Therefore, when policymakers move the economy up along the short-run aggregate supply curve, they reduce the unemployment rate and raise the inflation rate. Similarly, when policymakers contract aggregate demand and move the economy down the short-run aggregate supply curve, unemployment rises and inflation falls. The trade off between unemployment and inflation is often referred as the Philips curve. The Philips curve is an inverse relationship between the rate of unemployment and the rate of inflation in an economy. In another word, it is a reflection of the short-run aggregate supply curve so as policymakers move the economy along the short-run aggregate supply curve, unemployment and inflation move in opposite direction. The Phillips curve is a useful way to express aggregate supply because unemployment and inflation are such important measures of economic performance. The Phillips curve in its modern form states that the inflation depends on three forces and they are; expected inflation, the deviation of unemployment from the natural rate also known as cyclical unemployment and supply shocks. These three forces can be express in the follow equation: Ï€ = Ï€ e ÃŽ ²(u-u n ) + ʆ¹ Inflation = Expected Inflation (ÃŽ ² x cyclical unemployment) + supply shock Where ÃŽ ² is a parameter measuring the response of inflation to cyclical unemployment. There is a minus sign before the cyclical unemployment as high unemployment tends to reduce inflation. The equation above basically summarises the link between unemployment and inflation. The diagram below is an example of a short-run trade off between unemployment and inflation. When unemployment is at its natural rate, inflation depends on expected inflation and the supply shock. The parameter ÃŽ ² determines the slope of the trade-off between unemployment and inflation. In the short-run, for a given level of expected inflation, policymakers can manipulate aggregate demand to choose a combination of inflation and unemployment on this curve which is called the short-run Phillips curve. In the short run, inflation and unemployment are negatively related. In the long-run, the Phillips curve is vertical. This is because when actual inflation equals expected inflation, there is no trade-off between inflation and unemployment. In long-term equilibrium the actual rate of inflation must remain equal to the expected rate. Unemployment, u Inflation, Ï€ Long-Run Phillips Curve Short-Run Phillips Curve Inflation, Ï€ Unemployment, u There are two main causes of rising and falling inflation; they are demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation. Demand-pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand in an economy outpaces aggregate supply. This is when the inflation goes up as a result of real GDP rises and unemployment falls which move the economy along the Philips curve. The demand-pull inflation diagram below illustrates that according to Keynesian theory, firms will employ people and the more people are employed, the higher the aggregate demand will become. Greater aggregate demand will lead to firms employing more people in order to meet the higher output. This is when the unemployment falls and the price increases therefore AD0 shifts to AD1. Cost-push inflation occurs when the price of goods or services increases which doesnt have and close substitutes for example oil. The cost-pull inflation diagram below illustrates that according to Keynesian theory, many prices are sticky downwards, so instead of price fa lling there would be a supply shock causing a recession. This is when unemployment rises and GDP falls and therefore SRAS0 shifts to SRAS1. Cost-Pull inflation Demand-pull Inflation SRAS1 AD0 Price level AD1 E2 E0 AD0 SRAS0 Y* Y0 P2 P0 SRAS0 Price level E0 Real GDP E1 P1 P0 Real GDP Y0 Y* A good example of link between unemployment and inflation can be seen in the United States. The graph below shows the history of unemployment and inflation in the United States since 1961. The four decades of data illustrates some of the causes of rising or falling inflation. As we can see from the graph, during 1960s policymakers were able to reduce unemployment in the short -run, however this caused the inflation to rise high. This was achieved by cutting tax in 1964, together with expansionary monetary policy which expended the aggregate demand and pushed the unemployment rate below 5%. Moreover, due to government spending as a result of Vietnam War, this expansion of aggregate demand continued in the late 1960s. Consequently, unemployment fell lower and inflation rose higher than intended. In 1970s, policymakers started off with trying to lower the high inflation of 1960s. The government imposed temporary controls on wages and prices and the Federal Reserve engineered a recession through reducing monetary policy but the inflation rate only fell slightly. By 1972, unemployment was same as 1962 however the inflation rate was 3 percent higher. At the start of 1973 policymakers had to deal with the large supply shocks caused by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). During mid-1970s, OPEC raised their oil price pushing the inflation rate up to 10 percent. With the supply shock and temporary tight monetary policy, led to recession in 1975. High unemployment during the recession reduced inflation rate however further OPEC price raise pushed inflation back up again in the late 1970s. During 1980s there was high inflation and high expectation of inflation. So the Federal Reserve was determined to aim monetary policy at reducing inflation. Consequently, in 1982 and 1983 the unemployment rate reached its highest level in 4 decades. Fall in oil price in 1986 has helped reduce the unemployment rate and lowered the inflation rate down from 10 percent to near 3 percent. By 1987, unemployment reached 6 percent which was close to most estimates of the natural rate. The unemployment rate continued to fall throughout the late 1980s and reached to 5.2 percent in 1986 which led to a new round of demand pull inflation. The 1990s began with a recession as a result of contractionary shocks to aggregate demand. However, unlike the recession in 1982, unemployment in 1990 recession wasnt far above the natural rate therefore the effect on inflation was small. By the end of 1990s, both unemployment and inflation reached their lowest levels in many years. This could be due to a combin ation of events which helped keep the inflation in check despite low unemployment. However in 2000, inflation rate started to rise up again. The example of United States macroeconomic history displays the many causes of inflation. The two sides of demand pulled inflation can be seen during the 1960s and 1980s. In the 1960s low unemployment pulled inflation up and in the 1980s high unemployment pulled the inflation down. During 1970s the rise in oil price showed the effects of cost push inflation. http://static.flatworldknowledge.com/sites/all/files/29936/fwk-rittenmacro-fig16_004.jpg

Media Violence - Cartoon Violence and Violent Children :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Cartoon Violence and Violent Children With the recent increase in violent crimes committed by children, adults have been looking for answers to what causes children to commit these acts. Researchers have performed formal studies, and other approaches have been taken to answer the question. Their ideas and perceptions have strayed far and wide, looking for a suitable answer; one such answer of the many they have uncovered is television, but especially television geared towards children: cartoons and animation. In recent years, animation has taken a more openly violent twist during the same time period that the unique and varied forms of Japanese animation have come to America; both have raised many parents' eyebrows as articles and media coverage portray both, but especially Japanese animation, in a harsh and unfair light, depicting all series and movies as violent and only fit for mature audiences. The adults' perception of animation varies greatly from the children's perception, as many factors, such as media depictions , personal opinions, and even the standards of cultures, come into play on the decision of what is suitable for younger viewers. While it is not the first medium ever to reproduce violence for entertainment, television has certainly been the most notorious. However, television stations "do not air violence because they want to. They air it because that is what sells. The blame is upon ourselves for the large volume of violence, since they are merely responding to what we want" (Kim). This love for violence has filtered into nearly every television show aired currently. Virtually every television station airs shows, either live action or animated, that involve the characters fighting, arguing, or just acting in a malevolent way towards something or somebody else. The news always carries stories of what crimes have been committed during the day, daytime talk shows and soap operas often involve fighting and conflict, and even children's television is starting to take a more serious, mature twist in its presentations. Shows such as the live action series Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers have been called into que stion because of the numerous fight scenes and injuries that they depict; however, Power Rangers is one show that does provide a message to children at the end, informing them that the fighting is not real and that they should not imitate the Power Rangers. Despite this warning, children do imitate their heroes, hoping to emulate them and be able to stand as strong and powerful as they do.

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Assume,. for. example,. that. the. encoder. generates. 600. pulses. per. revolution,. and. it. takes. 000. motor. revolutions. to. move. the. platform. from. one. position. to. another,. moving. the. platform. from. position. . to. position. 6. (5. positions). takes. 5000. motor. revolutions. or. 30,000. encoder. pulses.. In. most. practical. applications,. the. frequency. of. these. pulses. is. too. high. for. them. to. be. counted. with. inputs. that. are. not. associated. with. a. highspeed. counter.. Interrupts. S7-200. PLCs. incorporate. instructions. for. use. with. interrupts.. Interrupts. are. used. to. initiate. a. specific,. hort. PLC. program. segment,. called. an. interrupt. routine,. when. an. internal. or. external. event. occurs.. After. the. interrupt. routine. has. been. executed,. control. is. returned. to. the. main. program. Three. types. of. interrupts. are. supported. by. S7-200. PLCs,. communication port interrupts,. I/O interrupts,. and. timebased interrupts .. Communication. port. interrupts. are. used. to. control. a. communication. port. operated. in. Freeport. mode.. I/O. interrupts. are. used. to. respond. quickly. to. high-speed. I/O. transitions,. such. as. those. associated. with. high-speed. counters. or. pulse. train. outputs..Time-based. interrupts. allow. the. user. program. to. execute. an. interrupt. routine. on. a. cyclic. basis. Each. of. these. types. of. interrupts. has. an. associated. priority. that. determines. which. interrupt. is. processed. first. in. the. event. that. two. or. more. interrupts. are. requested. at. the. same. time.. Communication. port. interrupts. have. the. highest. priority. and. time-based. interrupts. have. the. lowest. priority. Pulse Training Output (PTO). S7-200. PLCs. have. two. PTO/PWM generators. that. create. either. a. high-speed. pulse. train. or. a. pulse. width. modulated. waveform.. One. generator. is. assigned. o. output. point. Q0. 0. and. the. other. to. output. point. Q0. .. When. a. generator. is. activated,. it. controls. its. respective. output. Pulse Train Output (PTO). is. used. to. provide. a. series. of. pulses. to. an. output. device,. such. as. a. stepper. motor. driver.. The. PTO. provides. a. square. wave. output. for. a. specified. number. of. pulses. and. a. specified. cycle. time.. The. number. of. pulses. can. be. from. . to. 4,294,967 ,295. pulses.. The. Pulse. Train. Output. has. a. 50%. duty. cycle.. This. means. the. pulse. is. off. for. the. same. amount. of. time. that. it. is. on. 63 The. number. of. pulses. and. he. cycle. time. can. be. changed. with. an. interrupt.. In. the. accompanying. example,. each. pulse. is. initially. on. for. 500. ms. and. off. for. 500. ms.. After. four. pulses,. an. interrupt. occurs. which. changes. the. cycle. time. to. 2. seconds,. . second. on. and. . second. off. . 1 sec 1 sec 500 ms Interrupt Occurs Pulse Width Modulation. (PWM) The. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) function. provides. a. fixed. cycle. time. with. a. variable. duty. cycle.. When. the. pulse. width. is. equal. to. the. cycle. time,. the. duty. cycle. is. 00%. and. the. output. is. turned. on. continuously.. In. the. following. example,. he. output. initially. has. a. 0%. duty. cycle. (on. 0%,. off. 90%).. After. an. interrupt,. the. output. switches. to. a. 50%. duty. cycle. (on. 50%,. off. 50%). On Off On Off 10% Duty Cycle 50% Duty Cycle Interrupt Occurs The. PWM. function. can. be. used. to. provide. a. programmable. or. adjustable. control. of. machine. timing.. This. allows. machine. operation. to. be. varied. to. compensate. for. product. variations. or. mechanical. wear. And Much More. The. instructions. listed. in. this. section. are. only. examples. of. the. types. of. instructions. available. for. S7-200. PLCs.. The. full. instruction. set. includes. a. uch. broader. range. of. capabilities.. Refer. to. the. S7-200. System. Manual. for. additional. information. 64 Specialized Expansion Modules In. addition. to. the. expansion. modules. previously. discussed. that. provide. additional. discrete. or. analog. I/O,. several. expansion. modules. are. available. to. provide. communication. interfaces. or. specialized. I/O. functions. EM 241 Modem Module One. of. these. modules. is. the EM 241 Modem module.. This. module. supports. communication. between. a. computer. with. STEP. 7. Micro/WIN. and. an. S7-200. PLC. SF/DIAG EM 241 MODEM 241-1AA22-0XA0 S7-200 PLC with EM 241 Modem ModuleModem Computer The. EM. 24. provides. an. international. telephone. line. interface. and. supports. sending. numeric. and. text. paging. messages,. as. well. as. SMS. (Short. Message. Service). messages. to. cellular. phones.. This. is. useful. for. remote. diagnostics. and. maintenance,. machine. control,. alarm. systems,. and. general. communication. functions. In. addition. to. CPU-to-CPU. communication. via. a. telephone. line,. the. EM. 24. also. supports. Modbus. RTU. protocol,. a. protocol . that. has. been. widely. used. for. many. years. SINAUT MD 720-3 GSM/GPRS Modem Module SINAUT Telecontrol (Siemens Network Automation). ermits networking. of. individual. controls. and. control. systems. over. a. WAN. (Wide. Area. Network).. One. approach. for. providing. this. capability. is. SINAUT Micro.. This. is. a. simple. and. flexible. way. to. link. stationary. or. mobile. stations. to. a. master. control. center.. SINAUT. Micro. is. appropriate. where. smaller. amounts. of. data. have. to. be. transmitted. to. permit. monitoring. and. control. of. remote. stations. using. wireless. techniques. with. the. General. Packet. Radio. Service. (GPRS). of. the. Global. System. for. Mobile. Communication. (GSM). mobile. radio. network.. 65 The.SINAUT MD720-3 GSM/GPRS Modem module. and. associated. ANT794-4MR antenna. are. the. hardware. elements. used. to. connect. an. S7-200. PLC. into. a. SINAUT. Micro. system.. SINAUT Micro SC software. is. also. required. WinCC flexiible, Win CC SET S O C RS232 X1 SINAUT MD720-3 720-3AA00 SINAUT MD 720-3 GSM/GPRS Modem Module Antenna CP 243-1, CP 243-1 IT Communication Processors. Industrial. Ethernet. provides. a. proven. means. of. networking computers. and. a. variety. of. intelligent. devices.. CP 243-1 and CP 243-1 IT communication processors. are. used. to. connect. an. S7-200. PLC. to. an. Industrial Ethernet network. CP. 43-. and. CP. 243-. IT. communication. processors. can. be. used. to. connect. an. S7-200. PLC. via. Industrial. Ethernet. to. a. computer. running. STEP. 7. Micro/WIN.. This. allows. the. S7-200. PLC. to. be. configured,. programmed,. and. diagnosed. remotely.. In. addition,. an. S7-200. PLC. connected. to. an. Industrial. Ethernet. network. can. communicate. with. S7-200,. S7-300,. and. S7-400. PLCs. and. a. variety. of. other. devices. The. IT. functions. of. the. CP. 243-. IT. Internet. module. simplify. the. process. of. setting. up. a. control. system. that. can. email. diagnostic. infor mation. or. transfer. files. using.Internet. protocols. S7-200 PLC with CP 243-1 or CP 243-1 IT Communication Processor SF/DIAG SIMATIC S7-300 PLC CP 243-1 Ethernet CP 243-1EX00-0XE0 Industrial Ethernet Programming Device (PG) or Computer SIMATIC S7-400 PLC 66 EM 277 PROFIBUS-DP. Module. PROFIBUS DP. is. an. open,. international. fieldbus. communication standard. that. allows. a. broad. range. of. intelligent. devices. from. various. manufacturers. to. communicate. rapidly. and. efficiently.. This. reduces. wiring. costs. as. well. as. start-up. and. maintenance. expenses.. EM 277 PROFIBUS-DP module. allows. connection. of. the. S7-200. CPU. (CPU. 222. and. above). o. a. PROFIBUS-DP. network. as. a. slave.. Non-Siemens Controllers Other Intelligent Devices and Systems S7-200 PLC with EM 277 PROFIBUS DP Module SIMATIC S7 – 200 SF/DIAG RUN STOP 0 Other SIMATIC Controllers 2 4 0 2 8 X10 6 8 00 . 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 01 . 0 . 1 CPU 224 AC/DC/RLY X1 6 4 EM 277 PROFIBUS-DP CPU FAULT POWER DP ERROR DX MODE I0 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 I1 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 PORT 0 PROFIBUS DP I/O Systems Display Systems Computers CP 243-2 AS-Interface Master Module Actuator Sensor Interface (AS-Interface or AS-i). is. a. system for. networking. field. devices. such. as. sensors. and. actuators. ith. control. and. operator. interface. devices.. AS-i. replaces. the. extensive. parallel. wiring. often. used. to. connect. sensors. and. actuators. to. controllers. with. a. simple. 2-core. cable.. The. cable. is. designed. so. that. devices. can. only. be. connected. correctly. CP 243-2 AS-Interface Master module. allows. connection. of. the. S7-200. CPU. (CPU. 222. and. above). to. a. AS-I. network. as. a. master.. S7-200 PLC with CP 243-2 AS-Interface Master Module SIMATIC S7 – 200 SF/DIAG RUN STOP 00 . 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 01 . 0 . 1 CPU 224 AC/DC/RLY CM CER PWR APF SF B SET AS-Interface Master CP 243-2 AUP 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 I0 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 I1 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 DISPLAY 6GK7 243-2AX01-0XA0 AS-Interface Power Supply Slaves Repeater AS-Interface Power Supply Slaves PORT 0 100 meters S7-200 PLC with CP 243-2 AS-Interface Master Module SIMATIC S7 – 200 SF/DIAG RUN STOP 00 . 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 01 . 0 . 1 100 meters CPU 224 AC/DC/RLY CM CER PWR APF SF B SET AS-Interface Master CP 243-2 AUP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 AS-Interface Power Supply Slaves Slaves AS-Interface Extension PlugI0 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 I1 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 DISPLAY 6GK7 243-2AX01-0XA0 PORT 0 200 meters 67 EM 253 Position Module. Position. control. describes. a. range. of. applications. that. involve. movement. with. varying. degrees. of. precision.. The. EM 253 Position module. is. a. simple. but. powerful. positioning. module. that. enables. the. user. to. control. position. sys tems. from. microsteppers. to. intelligent. servo. drives. (with. integrated. closed-loop. control). SF/DIAG MF MG P0 DIS P1 CLR PWR EM 253 Position STP ZP LMT RPS – + 253-1AA22-0XA0 S7-200 PLC with EM 253 Position Module EM 253 Features. Features. f. the. module. include: †¢. †¢. †¢. †¢. †¢. †¢. †¢. †¢. †¢. Provides. high-speed. control. with. a. range. from. 20. to.. 200,000. pulse. per. second Supports. both. S. curve. or. linear. acceleration. and. deceleration Provides. a. configurable. measuring. system. that. allows. you. to. enter. data. as. engineering. units. (such. as. inches. or. centimeters). or. as. a. number. of. pulses Provides. configurable. backlash. compensation Supports. absolute,. relative,. and. manual. methods. of. position. control Provides. continuous. operation Provides. up. to. 25. motion. profiles. with. up. to. 4. speed. changes. per. profile Provides. our. different. reference-point. seek. modes. with. a. choice. of. the. starting. seek. direction. and. final. approach. direction. for. each. sequence Provides. removable. field. wiring. connectors. for. easy. installation. and. removal 68 Expansion Modules for Temperature Measurement Two. S7-200. PLC. expansion. modules. are. available. for. accurate temperature. measurement, EM 231 Thermocouple module and EM 231 RTD module. EM. 23. Thermocouple. module. provides. analog. inputs. for. thermocouples.. A. thermocouple. is. a. temperature. sensor. made. from. two. dissimilar. metals. joined. at. a. point. called. a. junction..A. thermocouple. produces. a. small. voltage. that. is. dependent. upon. temperature.. Various. types. of. thermocouples. are. available. for. use. in. different. temperature. ranges.. Two. versions. of. EM. 23. Thermocouple. modules. are. available,. one. for. four. thermocouples. and. one. for. eight. thermocouples.. Each. version. is. compatible. with. J,. K,. T,. E,. R,. S,. or. N. thermocouples,. but. the . thermocouples. used. with. a. specific. module. must. be. of. the. same. type. EM. 23. RTD. module. provides. analog. inputs. for. resistance temperature detectors (RTDs).. An. RTD. is. a. temperature. sensor. made. rom. a. metal,. such. as. platinum,. nickel,. or. copper,. that. varies. in. resistance. in. a. predictable. manner. as. temperature. varies.. Two. versions. of. the. EM. 23. RTD. module. are. available,. one. with. two. analog. inputs. and. one. with. four. analog. inputs.. Either. version. can. be. used. with. a. variety. of. RTD. types,. but. the. RTDs. used. with. a. specific. module. must. be. of. the. same. type. SIMATIC S7 – 200 SF/DIAG RUN STOP 00 . 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 01 . 0 . 1 CPU 224 AC/DC/RLY +24 VDC SF EM 231 AI4 – TC I0 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 I1 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 243-7PD22-0XA0 PORT 0S7-200 PLC with EM 231 Expansion Module A+ A- B+ B- C+ C- D+ D- A+ A- a+ a- B+ B- b+ b- M L+ Configuration M L+ Configuration + 24 VDC Refer to the S7-200 Programmable Controller System Manual for Configuration DIP Switch Positions + 24 VDC Refer to the S7-200 Programmable Controller System Manual for Configuration DIP Switch Positions EM 231 Thermocouple module, 4 Input Version EM 231 RTD module, 2 Input Version 69 SIWAREX MS Weighing Module SIWAREX MS Weighing module provides.. a. simple,. easy to. install. approach. for. weighing. and. force. measurement. applications.. SWAREX. MS. Weighing. module. is. designed. to. measure. the. oltage. produced. by. sensors. commonly. used. to. measure. weight,. force,. or. torque. SIWAREX. MS. is. easily. integrated. into. an. S7-200. PLC. system. as. an. expansion. module.. This. makes. information. obtained. from. SIWAREX. MS. available. to. other. components. of. the. automation. system.. In. addition,. Siemens. offers. a. wide. variety. of. compatible. sensors. and. other. components. S7-200 PLC with SIWAREX MS Module SIMATIC S7 – 200 SF/DIAG RUN STOP 00 . 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 01 .0 . 1 CPU 224XP DC/DC/DC SF I NET p —I SIWAREX MS ->00< >< T Tp T o SIWAREX R Load Cell Touch Panel TP 177micro 0 Review 6 .. Three. types. of. SIMATIC. counters. available. in. the. S7-200. instruction. set. are. ____________,. ____________. and. ____________. 2†¦ CPU. 22. and. CPU. 222. support. ____. high. speed. counters.. CPU. 224,. CPU. 224XP ,. CPU. 224XPsi,. and. CPU. 226. support. ____. high. speed. counters. 3.. S7-200. PLCs. have. two. ___________. that. create. either. a. high-speed. pulse. train. or. a. pulse-width. modulated. waveform. 4.. ________. and. ________. communication. processors. are. used. to. connect. an. S7-200. PLC. to. an. Industrial. Ethernet. network. 5.. _________. module. allows. connection. of. an.S7-200. CPU. (CPU222. and. above). to. a. PROFIBUS-DP. network. as. a. slave. 6.. _________. module. allows. connection. of. an. S7-200. CPU. (CPU222. and. above). to. an. AS-I. network. as. a. master. 7 .. Two. v ersions. of. EM. 23. Thermocouple. module. are. available,. one. for. ____. thermocouples. and. one. for. ____. thermocouples. 8.. Two. versions. of. EM. 23. RTD. module. are. available,. one. for. ____. RTDs. and. one. for. ____. RTDs. 7 Review Answers Review 1 Review 2. . Review 3. Review 4. ). a:. input. module,. b:. CPU,. c:. output. module,. d:. programming. device,. e:. operator. interface;. 2). 2;. 3). 6;. 4). 00,. 000. 0000,. A. ). discrete;. 2). discrete;. 3). CPU;. 4). Ladder. logic;. 5). Statement. list,. function. block. diagrams;. 6). scan;. 7)024;. 8). firmware; 9). RS-485. ). CPU. 22,. CPU. 222,. CPU. 224,. CPU. 224XP ,. CPU. 224XPsi,. CPU. 226;. 2). b;. 3). 2,. 7;. 4). 8,. 6;. 5). 4,. 0;. 6). Q0. 3;. 7). DIN. ). a:. box,. b:. normally. open. contact,. c:. coil;. 2). AND. Function. -. a:. 0,. b:. 0,. c:. 0,. d:. ,. OR. Function. -. e:. 0,. f:. ,. g:. ,. h:. ;. 3). I0. ,. I0. 0,. Q0. 0. ). 224XP;. 2). On-Delay. Timer. (TON),. Retentive. On-Delay. Ti mer. (TONR),. Off-Delay. Timer. (TOF). ;. 3). 3276. 7. seconds;. ). Retentive. On-Delay. Timer. (TONR);. 5). On-Delay. Timer. (TON),. Off-Delay. Timer. (TOF),. Pulse. Timer. (TP). ). Count. Up. Counter. (CTU),. Count. Down. Counter. (CTD),. Count. Up/Down. Counter. (CTUD);. 2). 4,. 6;. 3). PTO/PWM. generators; 4). CP. 243-,. CP. 243-. IT;. 5). EM. 277. PROFIBUS-DP 6). CP. 243-2. AS-Interface. Master;. 7). 4,. 8;. 8). 2,. 4.. Review 5. Review 6. 72 73 Final Exam You. can. test. your. knowledge. by. taking. the. final. exam. for. this. course. online. at. http://www. usa. siemens. com/step.. This. web. page. provides. links. to. a. variety. of. our. quickSTEP. online. courses.. To. complete. he. final. exam. for. this. course,. click. on. the. Basics of PLCs. link.. Next,. move. your. mouse. over. to. the. left. so. that. the. navigation. bar. pops. out. and. select. the. Final Exam. link.. The. final. exam. page. will. appear.. Before. taking. the. final. exam,. it. is. recommende d. that. you. delete. the. temporary. files. on. your. computer.. For. most. versions. of. Internet Explorer,. you. can. do. this. by. selecting. Internet Options. from. the. Tools. menu. and. then. clicking. on. the. Delete Files. button.. If. you. do. not. perform. this. step,. you. may. see. a. score. of. 0%. after. you. submit. your. xam. for. grading. After. you. complete. the. final. exam,. click. on. the. Grade the Exam. button. at. the. bottom. of. the. page.. Your. score. on. the. exam. will. be. displayed. along. with. the. questions. that. you. missed.. If. you. score. 70%. or. better. on. the. exam,. you. will. be. given. two. options. for. displaying. and. printing. a. certificate. of. completion.. The. Print Certificate. option. allows. you. to. display. and. print. the. certificate. without. saving. your. score. in. our. database. and. the. Save Score. option. allows. you. to. save. your. score. and. display. and. print. your. certificate. 74

Analysis on Quality Improvement in Federal Prison Essay

Introduction In the light of establishing a furnished description of the subject tackled on this paper — quality improvement (QI) is an organized approach to planning and implementing continuous improvement in performance. Although QI holds promise for improving quality of care and patient safety, federal prisons that adopt QI often struggle with its implementation. This article examines the role of organizational infrastructure in implementation of quality improvement practices and structures in the federal prison.   The author gives more attention specifically on four elements of organizational support and infrastructure for QI-integrated data systems, financial support for QI, organizational integration, and information system capability. Further, these macrolevel factors provide consistent, ongoing support for the QI efforts of clinical teams engaging in direct patient care, thus promoting institutionalization of QI. Results from the multivariate analysis of 1997 survey data on 2,350 federal prisons provide strong support for the hypotheses. Results signal that organizations intent upon improving quality must attend to the context in which QI efforts are practiced, and that such efforts are unlikely to be effective unless appropriate support systems are in place to ensure full implementation. This paper addresses these gaps by examining the role of multiple elements of organizational infrastructure in implementation of QI practices and structures in the federal prison. Our results are intended to provide managers with information about the kinds of resource commitments and structural changes that enhance the value of their investment in QI, and to help policy makers identify policies or incentives that would help the federal prison management reach its utmost desire in the sagacity of Time Quality Management and other sort. Analysis This section consists of a continuous improvement model and the tools of improvement arranged in a logical flow to get the desired results. The emphasis is on all employees. This model and the basic tools utilized can be learned and effectively applied by everyone. There are many statistically based programs that are helpful for driving improvements on very technical problems. These programs are good for what they are designed to do. The limitation is that often they only engage a small percentage of the workforce. Typically, a few managers and a few technologists or engineers will be involved. There are also some good problem-solving techniques available that, all too often, are applied only after a customer-upsetting incident has occurred. Most organizations have, literally, tons of data, and yet very few of them are using it effectively. Within this continuous improvement teaming, you will learn how to convert data into information. The tools that will be used to do this are Pareto diagrams, histograms, scatter diagrams, and charting. Where more information is required, you will learn how to design and implement check sheets to gather the data required to provide the sought-for information. In the beginning of a continuous improvement program, one only needs to have the visibility with regard to the effect of things which are not being performed well in the provision of high quality product or service to the subjects.   With the use of this certain flow of organizational improvement, it shall be easier to make us of a diagram which illustrates the essence of conjunction and brainstorming, hence, not undermining the other external and internal functions bereft the subjects under study.   The poor effects of the organizational strategies which has been utilized may give light on the sagacity of improving the organization’s standards and the elimination of the unnecessary ideas for that instance. Aside from that, if the certain causes are found to be that which is isolated to specific are, person, or time period within the operation, the it will most likely be easier to get a through glimpse of the operation thus learning an echelon of stratification techniques and other unique case which shall be pondered on by the launchers of the study. The factors which have been stated may be that which are implicitly defining the crucial state of improvement and other sort of the like.   However, such does not dente weakness, but rather an innate sense of quality analysis as shown in the diagram below[1].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though the diagram is that which is not focused on the federal prison arena, still, the idea is the same.   The improvement process is a cyclical form hence, having internal and external collaborations.   As stressed by Lewis and Clark in the improvement process, it is important to bear in mind that improvement itself does not stop in a certain peak.   Nevertheless, all state should be equally given consideration and in order to achieve the summit of total satisfaction, it must not only dwell on the ability of the tangibility of entities, but behavioral realms as well. Conclusion Reflecting the growing emphasis on organizational systems of care, QI is an organized approach to planning and implementing continuous improvement in performance. QI emphasizes continuous examination and improvement of work processes by teams of organizational members trained in basic statistical techniques and problem-solving tools who are empowered to make decisions based on their analyses of the data. Like other systems-based approaches, QI stresses that quality depends foremost on the processes by which services are designed and delivered. The systemic focus of QI complements a growing recognition in the field that the quality of the care delivered by clinicians depends substantially on the performance capability of the organizational systems in which they work. While individual clinician competence remains important, many increasingly see the capability of organizational systems to prevent errors, coordinate care among settings and practitioners, and ensure that relevant, accurate information is available when needed as critical elements in providing high-quality care. We argue that implementation of QI in federal prison settings can be facilitated by organizational structures, resources, and operational systems that provide a supportive context for enhancing both the scope and intensity of clinical QI efforts. Scope refers to the extent or range of application of QI philosophy and methods, and, as such, it indicates the pervasiveness with which QI practices permeate organizational structures and routines. QI emphasizes organization-wide commitment and involvement because most-if not all-vital work processes span many individuals, disciplines, and departments (Berwick, Godfrey, and Roessner 1990; James 1989). Intensity refers to the strength of application or degree of focus on QI philosophy and methods and therefore, indicates the degree of development of the QI effort. In a well-developed QI effort, continuous improvement becomes an integral part of the daily work life of organizational members, as opposed to an intermittent or circumscribed activity (Berwick 1990; Deming 1986; Ishikawa 1985). While quality control remains important, continuous improvement becomes the primary goal (Berwick).    References:   Creech, B. (1995). The Five Pillars of TQM: How to Make Total Quality Management Work for You. New York: Plume. Foss, N. (1996). Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. Schwab, D. P. (2004). Research Methods for Organizational Studies (Second ed.). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum. Williamson, O. E. (1995). Organization Theory: From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond (Expanded ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, USA. [1] Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI); Lewis and Clark Model.

The Odessey essays

The Odessey essays As George Lois once said, Creativity can solve almost any problem. The creative act, the defeat of habit by originality, overcomes everything. In this citation Lois strives to explain the use of novelty and ingenuity when attempting to triumph over adversity. In much of literature, many characters seem to utilize this power of intelligence or cunning rather than their physical strength to out wit there adversary. This recurring theme of mind over muscle is exemplified throughout The Odyssey, an epic poem by Homer. Odysseus, the protagonist of the play, has the essential character qualities of a Homeric leader: strength, bravery, nobility, and confidence in his authority. However his most distinguishing trait is his sharp intellect and his quick wit. This is wholly illustrated in Odysseuss struggle with the Cyclops, Polyphemus. After being imprisoned with his crew by Polyphemus, Odysseus realizes that he cannot possibly overpower the Cyclops, and that, even if he were able to do so, he would not be able to budge the boulder from the entrance of the cave. He thus plans around his weakness in strength by exploiting Polyphemus of his own foolishness. Odysseuss wit in this episode is characterized by an extraordinary foresight and prudence, which gives him options in difficult situations. His foresight is no more evident than in his decision to take along the delicious wine that he had received from Maro when he and his men had sacked Ismarus, soon after they had begun their journey home. I took this wine...A sudden forboding told my fighting spirit Id soon come up against some giant clad in power...a savage deaf to justice, blind to law.(9. 235-240). After Polyphemus devours a number of Odysseus's men raw, the hero's reaction is not impulsive, but characterized by careful thought and restraint. Because the entrance is blocked by a boulder, immovable except by Polyphemus, O...

Write up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Write up - Essay Example For example there is a probability a particular section in Plot1 has higher concentration of herbicides. E (i) Coleoptile is a pointed protective sheath which grows towards the surface during germination. When the coleoptile has reached the surface it shops growing allowing flag leaves to penetrate its top. The coleoptiles function is to provide protection to the tender flag leave to the surface. It also has vertical water vessels to carry water throughout the germination process. (ii) Magnification is different on different microscopes. To be certain that the reading are accurate a microscope must be calibrated before use. However, there is still a small scope of error after calibration is complete. A non calibrated microscope will profile incorrect data. (iii) Toluidine blue stains the cells wall it is applied to on the basis of organic composition of the subject. Applying Toluidine blue to coleoptile stains the epidermal and cortical cells making them visible under a microscope. When the cross section is used under the microscope, we can easily distinguish the epidermal and cortical cells of the coleoptile. (iv) The study was conducted to find the changes found in the coleoptile exposed to gamma radiation. To cover all aspects it is necessary that we measure the epidermal and cortical cells as each might reach differently to the gamma radiation. Therefore we measure the measure both the epidermal and cortical cells. I placed the test tube holder on the platform and stood the test tube in its hold. I also removed the cap. We then positioned the stand of the Cs/Ba isotope generator over the test tube and ensured that the hole in the top of the stand is centred over the test tube. I removed the both the red end-caps of the isotope generator while handling it with tongs. The writing on the generator was made to face upwards. I then attached a piece of plastic tubing to a syringe and drew up 2

In recent years, honeybee colonies have been experiencing Colony Essay

In recent years, honeybee colonies have been experiencing Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Given the key role of honeybees - Essay Example The honey bees that leave for the forage largely do not return back to their hives and this is especially witnessed to a large extent with migratory bees which are trucked from one country to another for pollination purposes. Scientists have begun to unravel the causes behind this phenomenon as it is a major source of income for the beekeepers and also the farmers depend on it for crop production (Johnson, 2010). In the earlier times a 10 percent loss in honey bee population in a season was considered to be normal, which then rose to 30 percent due to infection by parasitic mites and beginning from 2006 many commercial beekeepers have reported a loss of 30 to 90 percent average colony loss with the onset of CDD. Even the surviving colonies showed weak viability. Though a majority of the losses have been attributed to known causes about 25% of the loss is estimated to have occurred due to CCD. These losses of colonies occur throughout the year and are not seasonal. The major symptoms of this condition are the rapid loss of adult bee workers without any accumulation of dead bees in the hive which is an indication that these bees are not retuning back to the hive that is highly unusual in case of the bee population. These adult bees leave behind their brood which is generally inactive. In addition, there is also the presence of food stores that includes both honey and bee bread. The queen bee is generally present and actively laying eggs (Johnson, 2010; Colony Collapse Disorder, n.d). In case of actively collapsing bee colonies, only an insufficient workforce of young adult bees will be present and though the queen is present the population does not show an inclination to consume food (Colony Collapse Disorder, n.d). Research carried out to determine the causative factors for this condition has found out that CCD could be a syndrome which is not caused by any one particular factor but a combination of several factors (multifactorial). Some of the major possible fa ctors that threaten the bee population are viruses, parasites and microbes, pesticides, antibiotics, miticides, radiations, genetically modified crops and climatic and other environmental changes (Johnson, 2010; Colony Collapse Disorder, n.d). The USDA’s Agriculture Research Service, the Pennsylvania State University and several other universities are conducting most of the current research to unravel the cause of this phenomenon (Johnson, 2010). A recent study carried out by the Washington State University has shown that CCD could be caused due to a combination of toxic chemicals and pathogens present in honeycombs as the bees present in such combs had reduced longevity (Gutierrez, 2010). Of these, chronic exposures to pesticides, miticides and antibiotics have been shown to have an impact on the immune system of the honey bees and hence on their response to infection. In addition, bees have a reduced number of genes which offer resistance to various diseases and toxins thus making the bee population more vulnerable to such problems (Colony Collapse Disorder, n.d). These toxic chemicals are believed to cause the colony to collapse either by themselves or by combining with each other, which would result in increased toxicity to the hive. In addition scientists are also studying the combinatory effects

Are Human Beings Co-Creators Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10250 words

Are Human Beings Co-Creators - Dissertation Example A theological work starts with description of a method through which analysis and discussion occurs. In the present paper the point of discussion and analysis is about the creator or co-creator status of human beings from the theological perspective. The important method necessary in this paper will be narration that makes the reader to understand the task of theology as well as addressing the human concerns of ultimate reality. According to Abdul-Masih, Marguerite (2001), opines that the scientific reasoning as well spiritual analysis is important in discussing or analyzing the topic. The philosophical reasoning should accompany the reasoning mentioned above. However, too much demanding of scientific evidence may distort theological arguments. In order to discuss the creative nature or creator status of human beings, the definition of creator is important and that decides the course of discussion and analysis. In defining creator, there exists two types of definitions; one being understood by materialistic proofs and other that is not possible to understand under materialistic or physical laws that govern the 3 dimensional worlds. Hence, let us take creator as the entity that can produce everything from nothing and the other, which can create things from some other matter that already exists. The former definition has no materialistic proof and human beings can create nothing from nothing. The understanding of truths depends on contemporary technology and thus the aspects of theology changes from time to time. The aspects of theology even depend on technical terminology that define mortal/venial sin, angels etc. The understanding of creation or creator depends at the heart and mind of the faithful people as well as their s cope of understanding. When the sensitivity of spirit comes to the fore, the foundations of faith, experience of grace etc are important and discussion as well as analysis takes the above aspects into consideration. Hence, the analysis and discussion in this paper will take into consideration the value for the creators and the utility of creation. It is better to start the paper with discussion of human dignity that is associated with creation (Pekarske, Daniel T (Author), 2002).

Footwear International Essay Example for Free

Footwear International Essay Footwear International is a multinational manufacturer and marketer of footwear with 83 companies in 70 countries with one of these locations is in Bangladesh, where John Carlson is the managing director. Bangladesh has had a turbulent history in the 20th century and over 85% of the population is Moslem (Thomas, 2003). An article in the Meillat, a newspaper with pro Libyan preferences, made reference to the design of the insole of a sandal included the Arabic spelling of the word â€Å"Allah† and since this design was on the insole of the sandal and next to the foot it is a sign of great disrespect to Moslems. The article also stated Footwear International was owned and operated by a Jewish family and was linked in the shootings of people in Palestine by Jews. This incident seemed to be escalating rapidly as youth groups began calling for demonstrations against Footwear, a lawyer had filed charges under the criminal code that forbade deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage feelings of any class by insulting its religion or religious believers. To make matters worse the prime minister had voiced his concerns in the matter as well. Public opinion towards Footwear International has now turned negative due to the erroneous claims published in the Melliat. The newspaper had stated that Footwear was under Jewish ownership which is untrue as the family that owned Footwear International was Christian. The design on the insole of the sandal was based on Chinese temple bells that the designer had purchased and was approved by her supervisor who was Moslem (Thomas, 2003). Numerous other people had seen the new logo during the design process and no one had made objections in regards to this logo either. How this logo incensed the Moslem community and more importantly how should Footwear International and especially John Carlson handle the allege claims against the company? It appears that Footwear International has two alternatives: one option is not to do anything and hope the problem will go away or the second option is to address the situation and resolve the conflict. The first option of not doing anything is not a very a good decision to make by Footwear International. The problem will not go away but will continue to grow until Footwear International ceases all operations in Bangladesh and with that the loss of revenue. Timing is the key in the second option and is more complicated as there are several major hurdles that John Carlson must address in a short period of time. It was indicated that two youth groups were planning on demonstrating against Footwear International. The first obstacle Carlson must be concerned with is for the safety of all his employees and their families especially the four other managers that were named in statement. He may wish to seclude the managers and their families in a safe location to protect them from the demonstrators. Carlson might request extra security personal from the corporate headquarters to ensure their safety. Religion and culture are very sensitive subjects to people of any country and due to the fact the opposition newspaper had printed false information about Footwear International, Carlson must use all types of media to set the record straight. Carlson will need to explain that Footwear International is owned and operated by individuals who are Christians and not Jewish as the newspaper article had stated. Carlson must capitalize on the company’s presence in the country that began in the 1930’s, the first manufacturing plant constructed in 1962, in 1971 the managing director was a freedom fighter, in 1985 Footwear International went public and two years later spearheaded the largest private sector foreign investment in the country and employees over 1800 Bangladesh people in 81 stores and agencies (Thomas, 2003). Carlson must be very sincere as he communicates to the different media outlets on how the design used was based on Chinese temple bells and that the designer who created this logo is Muslim as well. I believe Carlson must compare the design logo to the Arabic spelling of Allah and emphasize that the design logo was not intended to offend anyone of the Muslim society. Footwear International must review the procedures they use in the design process and new policies should be implemented going forward so this type of situation will not occur again. It is important for Carlson to admit this mistake and I think he must make a bold move and announces the recall of these sandals, this may be a costly decision, however it will the show the people he is sincere in trying to remedy the problem. Carlson must also be concerned with the legal actions that a local lawyer has filed against him and if by chance the lawyer does not rescind these charges it may be necessary for him to seek legal help from the corporate headquarters. Footwear International executives should use any means available to open up dialogue with the prime minister in hopes of him recanting his remarks. If the prime minister addresses the situation and reissues a statement supporting Footwear International attempts to correct the situation this would probably pressure the lawyer in dropping the charges. If I was in Carlson’s place I would meet this situation head on and utilize all resources at my disposable to correct this honest mistake. Mistakes happen and it is how we fix these mistakes that people judge our integrity by.

Introduction to personality

Introduction to personality The manner in which a person acts and interacts is a reflection of his personality. Personality is influenced by hereditary, cultural and social factors. Regardless of how its defined, however, psychologists generally accept certain principles: Personality is an organized whole; otherwise, the individual would have no meaning. Personality appears to be organized into patterns that are to some degree observable and measurable. Although personality has a biological basis, its specific development is also a product of social and cultural environments. Personality has superficial aspects such as attitudes toward being a team leader and a deeper core such as sentiments about authority or the Protestant work ethic. Personality involves both common and unique characteristics. Every person is different from every other person in some respects, while being similar to other persons in other respects. (Sources from James L Gibson, John M. Ivancevich, Jams H. Donnelly, JR and Robert Konopaske, (2003). Organisational Behavior, Structure, Process, New Yoke: The McGraw-Hill Companies). Part of the pleasure of getting to know someone is the fascination of learning who they are and how they think. Each person has a unique pattern of thinking, behaving, and expressing their feelings. In short, everyone has a unique personality. Without doubt, personality touches our daily lives. Falling in love, choosing friends, getting along with co-workers, voting for a president, or coping with your zaniest relatives all raise questions about personality. What is Personality? Personality could be further explained by the following theories by various writers: Personality can be defines as an integrated part of an individual it is something a person does or has. People bring their personalities to situations and take them away with them when they leave (Davey, 2004). Personality defines as a stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine commonalities and differences in peoples behavior (James, 1994). Personality defines as a persons unique pattern of thinking, emotions, and behavior (Funder, 2001). Personality defines as the structures inside a person that explain why he or she creates a particular impression on others (MacKinnon, 1969). Personality refers to the consistency in who you are, have been, and will become. It also refers to the special blend of talents, value, hopes, loves, hates, and habits that makes each of us a unique person (Coon, 2006). Personality defines as an individuals personality is a relatively stable set of characteristics, tendencies and temperaments that have been significantly formed by inheritance and by social, cultural and environmental factors. This set of variables determines the commonalities and differences and differences in the behavior of the individual (Gibson, 2003). Personality defines as the distinctive impression a person makes on others (Goldberg, 1993). Personality defines as a dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create a persons characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings (Carver and Scheier, 2000) (Allport, 1961). Personality defines as the combinations of the psychological traits that characterize that person (Robbins and DeCenzo, 2005). Personality defines as a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations (Ryckman, 2004). Determinants of Personality Personality is the outcome of a continuous personal quality development process. The role of personality becomes clear in a particular situation. Personality is recognised in a situation. It is the results of personal quality interaction in a particular condition. The major determinants of personality of an individual are given below: Biological factors Heredity: Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception. Physic stature, facial attractiveness, sex, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are generally considered to be either completely or substantially influenced by who your parents were; that is, by their biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup. The contribution of heredity to personality development is vividly clear for developing external appearance, behavior, social stimuli, self inner awareness, organizing traits, etc. Environment: Exerts pressure on personality formation. Culture, religious practices, family groups, friends, social groups and experience play a part in shaping personality. Culture establishes norms, attitudes, and values that are passed over generations. Situation: Personality changes in different situations. Different situations demand different types of behavior. Situations restrict or cause us elicit certain types of behaviors. We behave differently when attending funeral. We display different behavior when attending employment interview. Personality Types Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of people. Personality types are distinguished from personality traits, which come in different levels or degrees. According to type theories, for instance, there are two fundamentals types of people, introverts and extraverts. According to traits theories, introversion and extraversion are part of a continuous dimension. Extraverts energy is directed primarily outward, towards people and things outside of themselves. Introverts energy is primarily directed inward, towards their own thoughts, perceptions, and reactions. Therefore, extraverts tend to be more naturally active, expressive, social, and interested in many things, whereas introverts tend to be more reserved, private, cautions, and interested in fewer interactions, but with greater depth and focus. Below Figure 1 is the characteristic of Extraverts and Introverts (Tieger Barron, 2003). Even though types tend to oversimplify personality, they do have value. Most often, types are a shorthand way of labeling who have several traits in common. One well known example of personality types is Type A theory. According to this theory, impatient, hostile people are classified as Type A, whereas calm, laid back individuals are designated as Type B. Type A In Type A personality, people belonging to such category are hard driving, ambitious, highly competitive, achievement oriented, and striving. Type A people believe that with enough effort they can overcome any obstacle, and they push themselves accordingly (Niaura, 2002). Types As seem to chafe at the normal pace of events. They hurry from one activity to another, racing the clock in self-imposed urgency. As they do, they feel a constant sense of frustration and anger. Feelings of anger and hostility, in particular, are strongly related to increased risk of heart attack (Niaura, 2002). Characteristics of Type A people are summarized in the short self-identification test presented in Figure 2 below. Characteristics of the Type A Person Have a habit of explosively accentuating various key words in ordinary speech even when there is no need for such accentuation. Finish other peoples sentences for them. Always move, walk and eat rapidly. Quickly skim reading material and prefer summaries or condensations of books. Become easily angered by slow-moving lines or traffic. Feel an impatience with the rate at which most events take place. Tend to be unaware of the details or beauty of your surroundings. Frequently strive to think of or do two or more things simultaneously. Almost always feel vaguely guilty when you relax, vacation, or do absolutely nothing for several days. Tend to evaluate your worth in quantitative terms (number of As earned, amount of income, number of games won, and so forth). Have nervous gestures or muscle twitches, such as grinding your teeth, clenching your fists, or drumming your fingers. Attempt to schedule more and more activities into less time and in so doing make fewer allowances for unforeseen problems. Frequently think about other things while talking to someone. Repeatedly take on more responsibilities than you can comfortably handle. (Shortened and adapted from Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, Type A Behavior and Your Heart, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1983). As our society places a premium on achievement, competition, and mastery, it is not surprising that many people develop Type A personalities. The best way to avoid the self-made stress this causes is to adopt behavior that is the opposite of that listed in Figure 2 above. It is entirely possible to succeed in life without sacrificing your health or happiness in the process. Type B The converse, the Type B individual, mainly is free of the Type A behavior pattern characteristics and generally feels no pressing conflict with either time or persons. The Type B may have considerable drive, want to accomplish things and work hard, but the Type B has a confident style that allows him or her to work at a steady pace and not to race against the clock. The Type A has been likened to a racehorse; the Type B, to a turtle. Type B individual appear more relaxed and easy-going. They accept situations and work within them rather fight them competitively. Type B individual are especially relaxed regarding time pressure, so they are less prone to have problems associated with stress. Still, Type B individuals can be highly productive workers who meet schedule expectations; they simply obtain results in a different manner. Characteristics of the Type B Person Patient Relaxes Easy-going, mellow May avoid confrontation Not quick to anger (Shortened and adapted from Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, Type A Behavior and Your Heart, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1983). Personality Traits Five specific personality traits have proven most powerful in explaining individual behavior in organizations. These are locus of control, machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring and risk propensity. Locus of Control Some people believe that they control their own fate. Others see themselves as pawns of fate, believing that what happens to them in their lives us due to luck or chance. The Locus of Control in the first case is internal. In the second case, it is external; these people believe that their lives are controlled by outside forces. A manager might also expect to find that externals blame a poor performance evaluation on their bosss prejudice, their employees, or other events outside their control, whereas internal explain the same evaluation in terms of their own actions. Machiavellianism The second personality trait is called Machiavellianism. An individual who is high in Machiavellianism is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, believes that ends can justify means, and is found to have beliefs that are less ethical. Jobs that require bargaining skills (labour negotiator) or that have substantial rewards for winning (a commissioned salesperson), high Machiavellianism are productive. In job in which ends do not justify the means or that lack absolute standards of the performance, it is difficult to predict the performance of high Machiavellianism. Self-Esteem People differ in the degree to which they like or dislike themselves. This trait is called Self-Esteem. The research on Self-Esteem offers some interesting insights into organizational behavior. For instance, Self-Esteem is directly related to expectations for success. High Self-Esteem believed that they possess the ability to succeed at work. Individuals with high Self-Esteem will take more risks in job selection and are more likely to choose unconventional jobs than are people with low Self-Esteem. Low Self-Esteem is dependent on positive evaluations from others. As a result, they are more likely to seek approval from others and more prone to conform to the beliefs and behaviors of those they respect than are high Self-Esteems. Self-Monitoring The third personality trait is called Self-Monitoring. It refers to an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors (Snyder, 1987). Individuals high in Self-Monitoring can show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external, situational factors. They are highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations. Risk Propensity The final personality trait is called Risk Propensity. A preference to assume or avoid risk has been shown to have an impact on how long it takes individuals to make a decision and how much information they require before making their choice. For instance, 79 managers worked on a simulated human resources management exercise that required them to make hiring decisions (Taylor, 2000). High risk-taking managers made more rapid decisions and used less information in making their choices than did the low risk-taking managers. Interestingly, the decisions accuracy was the same for both groups. The Big 5 Models The Big Five represents taxonomy (classification system) of traits that some personality psychologists suggest capture the essence of individual differences in personality. These traits were arrived at through factor analysis studies. The five factors are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The following are some of the important characteristics of the five factors. The factors are dimensions, not types, so people vary continuously on them, with most people falling in between the extremes (Soldz Vaillant, 1999). The factors are stable over a 45-year period beginning in young adulthood (Soldz Vaillant, 1999). The factors and their specific facets are heritable (McCrae, 1998). The factors probably had adaptive value in a prehistoric environment (Buss, 1996). The factors are considered universal, having been recovered in languages as diverse as German and Chinese (McCrae Costa, 1997). Knowing ones placement on the factors is useful for insight and improvement through therapy (McCrae Costa, 1992). The Big Five factors and their constituent traits: Openness Appreciation for art, Emotion, Adventure, Unusual ideas, Imagination, Curiosity and Variety of experience Conscientiousness A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behavior. Extraversion Energy, Positive emotions, Surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others. Agreeableness A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Neuroticism A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability; sometimes called emotional instability. (Source adapted from J. S. Wiggins (Ed.). The five-factor mode of personality: Theoretical perspectives. New York: Guilford). Openness Openness is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. The trait distinguishes imaginative people from down-to-earth, conventional people. People who are open to experience are intellectually curious, appreciative of art, and sensitive to beauty. They tend to be, compared to closed people, more creative and more aware of their feelings. They are more likely to hold unconventional beliefs (Buss D. M., 1996). People with low scores on openness tend to have more conventional, traditional interests. They prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and subtle. They may regard the arts and sciences with suspicion, regarding these endeavours as abstruse or of no practical use. Closed people prefer familiarity over novelty. They are conservative and resistant to change (Buss D. M., 1996). Conscientiousness Conscientiousness is a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement. The trait shows a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behaviour. It influences the way in which we control, regulate, and direct our impulses (Buss D. M., 1996). The benefits of high conscientiousness are obvious. Conscientious individuals avoid trouble and achieve high levels of success through purposeful planning and persistence. They are also positively regarded by others as intelligent and reliable. On the negative side, they can be compulsive perfectionists and workaholics (Buss D. M., 1996). Extraversion Extraversion, also called extroversion, is characterized by positive emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek out stimulation and the company of others. The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enjoy being with people, and are often perceived as full of energy. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals who are likely to say Yes! or Lets go! to opportunities for excitement. In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw attention to themselves (Buss D. M., 1996). Introverts lack the exuberance, energy, and activity levels of extraverts. They tend to be quiet, low-key, deliberate, and less involved in the social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression. Introverts simply need less stimulation than extraverts and more time alone (Buss D. M., 1996). Agreeableness Agreeableness is a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. The trait reflects individual differences in concern with for social harmony. Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are generally considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature. They believe people are basically honest, decent, and trustworthy (Burger, 2008). Disagreeable individuals place self-interest above getting along with others. They are generally unconcerned with others well-being, and are less likely to extend themselves for other people. Sometimes their skepticism about others motives causes them to be suspicious, unfriendly, and uncooperative (Burger, 2008). Neuroticism Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression. It is sometimes called emotional instability. Those who score high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress. They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time, which means they are often in a bad mood. These problems in emotional regulation can diminish a neurotics ability to think clearly, make decisions, and cope effectively with stress (Burger, 2008). Individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low scorers experience a lot of positive feelings. Frequency of positive emotions is a component of the Extraversion domain (Burger, 2008). Application The test that I had just taken is based on the Five Factor Model of personality. There is a broad consensus amongst personality theorists that this model, which describes five major domains or traits, is the best current description of the structure of personality. The five major dimensions, and my scores on them, are described below. Factor I: Extraversion (AKA Surgency) This trait reflects preference for, and behavior in, social situations. People high in extraversion are energetic and seek out the company of others. Low scorers (introverts) tend to be more quiet and reserved. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (25) is about average. Factor II: Agreeableness (AKA Friendliness) This trait reflects how we tend to interact with others. People high in agreeableness tend to be trusting, friendly and cooperative. Low scorers tend to be more aggressive and less cooperative. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (25) is about average. Factor III: Conscientiousness (AKA Will or Dependability) This trait reflects how organized and persistent we are in pursuing our goals. High scorers are methodical, well organized and dutiful. Low scorers are less careful, less focused and more likely to be distracted from tasks. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (29) is relatively low. Factor IV: Neuroticism (AKA Emotional Stability) This trait reflects the tendency to experience negative thoughts and feelings. High scorers are prone to insecurity and emotional distress. Low scorers tend to be more relaxed, less emotional and less prone to distress. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (25) is about average. Factor V: Openness (AKA Culture or Intellect) This trait reflects open-mindedness and interest in culture. High scorers tend to be imaginative, creative, and to seek out cultural and educational experiences. Low scorers are more down-to-earth, less interested in art and more practical in nature. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (21) is relatively low. (Sources adapted from Paul D. Tieger Barbara Barron (2000-2003) retrieved on 21 December 2009, from www.personalitytype.com). Conclusion In conclusion, personality types group people into categories on the basic of shared traits and traits are lasting personal qualities that are inferred from behaviour. People who have traits of the hardy personality seem to be resistant to stress, even if they also have Type A traits. 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